Capital punishment
December 20, 2011
Starting this Wednesday, US states that administer lethal injections will have to look even harder to find a sedative legally required for the practice.
The European Union on Tuesday ratcheted up export controls on sedatives such as sodium thiopental, pinning European exports of the substances to assurances that they will not be used in capital punishment.
"As of today, trade of certain anesthetics, such as sodium thiopental, which can be used in lethal injections, to countries that have not yet abolished the death penalty, will be tightly controlled," a statement from the European Commission said.
A shortage of sodium thiopental, which is no longer produced in the US, has already led to delays and cancelations of executions in five states, according to the US Death Penalty Information Center. The Center reported fewer executions in 2010 over previous years, partly due to the shortage.
Sodium thiopental is the first of three drugs administered in lethal injections to stop breathing and heart activity. The main European producers of the drug are in Britain, Italy, Germany, Austria and Denmark, an EU official said.
Dwindling supply
Increasingly, manufacturers of sodium thiopental are taking stands against its use in administering the death penalty.
The drug's only US manufacturer, Hospira Inc., announced in January it was halting the drug's production, because it did not want it used in executions.
Earlier this year, Britain imposed an emergency export ban to the United States on sodium thiopental, along with three other drugs used in lethal injections. Swiss company Novartis announced in February it had taken steps to prevent a generic version of sodium thiopental from being exported to the US.
In April, Indian drugmaker Kayem Pharmaceuticals also stopped its supply of the drug for US executions, saying execution contradicted the "ethos of Hinduism."
However, Danish firm Lundbeck announced in June that it would continue the sale of Nembutal, generically known as pentobarbital - another drug that falls under new restrictions - as some patients required it to treat epilepsy.
Capital punishment is banned in the 27-member European Union, which since 2008 has called for a worldwide stop to the death penalty.
Author: David Levitz (dpa, Reuters)
Editor: Michael Lawton